Risk-based project management: the extension of the M14 line on the Paris Metro ahead of the Olympic Games

The M14 line, the first fully automated line on the Paris Metro, was inaugurated in 1998 and ranks among the most efficient in the world, with a train every 85 seconds during peak hours whilst meeting the highest safety standards. How can the first extension to Mairie de Saint-Ouen and a second to Orly be managed before the 2024 Olympic Games, whilst the line must continue to operate on a day-to-day basis? How can a line equipped with a computerised automatic control system dating from the 1990s be extended in 2020? How can unforeseen events be managed in a project of this scale, such as the flooding of a station under construction, which, through a domino effect, threatened another line? How can risk-based management, forward planning and technical expertise in infrastructure and interfaces help to overcome difficulties and unforeseen events without exceeding the announced costs and deadlines? A brief history of a major infrastructure project, used by 1 million passengers every day.